Finance for Managers Earnings Transparency

Question: Describe about the Finance for Managers for Earnings Transparency. Answer: 1: Present dividend = D0 = 2.35 Required Rate of return = R = 15% Growth rate for first 5 years = g1 = 22% Dividend at end of year 1 = D1 = D0 * (1+g1) Present Value of dividend D1 = PV (D1) = D1/ (1+ R) Dividend at end of year 2 = D2 = D0 * (1+g1) ^2 Present Value of dividend D2 = PV (D2) = D2/ (1+ R) ^2 Similarly for t=5, Dividend at end of year t = Dt = D0 * (1+g1) ^t a) Present Value of dividend Dt = PV (Dt) = Dt/ (1+ R) ^t Growth rate after 5 years = g = 6% b) Price of share at end of year 5 = P5 = (D0 * (1+g1) ^5 * (1+g))/ (R-g) Present Value of Price of share at end of year 5 = PV (P5) = P5/ (1+R) ^5 c) Price of share today = PV (D1) + PV (D2) + PV (D3) + PV (D4) + PV (D5) +PV (D1) + PV (P5) For exact calculation refer to attached excel sheet d) The following factors are followed by the Financial Managers of a company at the time of deciding the dividend policy of that company: Type of the Industry: The industries which generate consistent revenue adopt the stable dividend policy. On the other hand, the industries which generate uncertain revenues are conservative in the adoption of the dividend policies (Malik et al. 2013). The Age of Companies: New companies use to retain their earnings as they need capital for the business; they invest back the earning in spite of giving dividends. In case of the new companies, there are not any issues regarding investment; thus they give dividends out of the earnings (Rafique 2012). Leverage: Due to have debt liabilities, companies with greater leverages gives small amount of dividends (Obradovich and Gill 2013). Liquidity: Having large amount of cash reserves and other liquid assets, the companies are able to pay higher amount of dividends. Inflation: The companies use to pay fewer amounts of dividends and retail the earning at the time of inflation (Khan, Meher and Syed 2013). 2: F = Face Value N = Time period Since coupon is paid semi-annually, m=2 No. of time coupon is paid = m*n Coupon Rate = 9.875% R = Rate of interest a) Market Value of Bond = (C/m)/(R/m) * [1- 1/(1+R/m)^mn] + F / ( 1 + R/m)^mn b) The bond prices increase when the interest rate decreases and vice-versa. (Exact calculation is attached in the excel file) c) When the price of the bond which is trading in the market is higher than its par value, it is considered as the Premium Bond (Favara et al. 2016). On the other hand, when the price of the bond which is trading in the market is lower than its par value, it is considered as the Discount Bond (Elliott and Nishide 2014). d) The increase in bond price is due to the decrease in the interest rate and vice-versa (Malkiel 2015). 3: a) Debt D 300000000 Bonds Coupon C 0.09 time period n 15 m 2 time interval mn 30 Face value F 1000 Price of bond Pb 1440.03 Price of Bond = Pb = (C/m)/ (Rd/m) * [1- 1/(1+Rd/m)^mn] + F / ( 1 + Rd/m)^mn Input all values to calculate Rd Ordinary shares 14000000 Dividend D1 2.2 Growth g 0.05 Price of share P0 20 Price of share = P0 = D1 / (Ro-g) Input all values to calculate Ro Preference Shares 2000000 Price of share Ps 12 Dividend D 1.2 Price of share = Ps = D/ Rs Input all values to calculate Rs Tax Rate = t = 30% Value of debt = D = 300000000 Value of ordinary shares = Vo = Number of ordinary shares * Price of ordinary shares Value of preference shares = Vs = Number of preference shares * Price of preference shares Total Value of company = V = D+ Vo + Vs Weighted Average Cost of Capital = WACC = (D/V)* (Rd) * (1-t) + (Vo/V)*Ro + (Vs/V)*Rs b) The cost of capital is controlled by the Financial Managers by controlling the following factors: Capital Structure: The increase in cost of capital is caused by more amounts of debts. As a result the cost of capital is changed. The same is applicable for the equities Dividend: The cost of capital can be changed by the company by controlling the payout ratio. Policy of Investment: Cost of debt and cost of equity is changed with accordance to the investment policy of the company. Here, the risk factor needs to be considered (Barth, Konchitchki and Landsman 2013). 4: a) The Loan of Bank of America The amount Toyota plans to borrow = $5 million Term of the loan = 90 days Interest cost = Prime rate 1.125% = 6.25% 1.125% = 5.125% Interest cost = $5,000,000 0.05125 (90/360) = $64,062.50 The Loan of Daiwa Bank The amount Toyota plans to borrow = $5 million Termof theloan= 90 days Interestcost= LIBOR +0.75%= 4.2%+ 0.75%= 4.95% Interest cost = $5,000,000 0.0495 (90/360) = $61,875 The Daiwa Bank offers Toyota thelower cost loan with a lower interest cost of $61,875 versus $64,062.50. b) Yield to maturity (YTM) refers to the total return expected on a bond if it is held till maturity and all the payments are made as scheduled. YTM helps the financial managers in comparing bonds with different coupon rates and maturities (Billett, Hribar and Liu 2015). 5: Expected Cash flow in Korean Won = Cash flow (US millions) * Expected exchange Rate (won/$) Present Value of expected cash flow = Expected Cash flow in Korean Won / (1+R) ^t Where R = Discount Rate and t = time in years Net Present Value = Sum of all Present Value of expected cash flow Moon Rhee should proceed with the project as the Net Present Value (NPV) is positive provided that it has the enough amount of financial backing to invest such a large amount and wit for three to four years for the return (Pasqual, Padilla and Jadotte 2013). 6: Billys Tools EBITDA = Profit Depreciation and Amortization Earnings per share = EPS = EBITDA / No. of shares P/E = Price of share / EPS Enterprise Value /EBITDA = ((Price of share * No. of shares) + Debt) / EBITDA Johnson Machine Tools Ltd EBITDA = Profit Depreciation and Amortization a) Value of shares of company using P/E = P/E * EBITDA Total value = Value of shares of company using P/E + Debt b) Total value using value/EBITDA = (Enterprise Value /EBITDA) * EBITDA Value of shares = Total value using value/EBITDA- Debt 7: a) Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Selling Price 20 22 Demand 15000 13500 Variable cost 10 10 Fixed cost 100000 100000 EBIT 50000 62000 Depreciation and Amortization 20000 20000 Tax rate 0.3 0.3 Working capital 3000 3000 Free cash flow 52000 60400 EBIT = ((Selling Price Variable Cost) * Demand) Fixed Cost Free Cash Flow = EBIT (1- tax rate) + Depreciation and Amortization Working Capital Free Cash Flow will increase if the price is increased. b) Scenario Analysis is a more realistic tool for the assessment of the impact if different scenario on a project. There is a difference between sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis. Sensitivity Analysis considers the sensitivity of the Net Present Value (NPV) analysis to changes in the variable values (Gal and Greenberg 2012). On the other hand, Scenario Analysis considers the probability of the changes in NPV Analysis happening in the variables (Dutta and Babbel 2014). References Barth, M.E., Konchitchki, Y. and Landsman, W.R., 2013. Cost of capital and earnings transparency.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(2), pp.206-224. Billett, M.T., Hribar, P. and Liu, Y., 2015. Shareholder-manager alignment and the cost of debt.Available at SSRN 958991. Dutta, K.K. and Babbel, D.F., 2014. Scenario analysis in the measurement of operational risk capital: a change of measure approach.Journal of Risk and Insurance,81(2), pp.303-334. Elliott, R.J. and Nishide, K., 2014. Pricing of discount bonds with a Markov switching regime.Annals of Finance,10(3), pp.509-522. Favara, G., Gilchrist, S., Lewis, K.F. and Zakrajsek, E., 2016.Recession Risk and the Excess Bond Premium. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US). Gal, T. and Greenberg, H.J. eds., 2012.Advances in sensitivity analysis and parametric programming(Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. Khan, M.I.K., Meher, M.A.K.M. and Syed, S.M.K., 2013. Impact of Inflation on Dividend Policy: Synchronization of Capital Gain and Interest Rate. Malik, F., Gul, S., Khan, M.T., Rehman, S.U. and Khan, M., 2013. Factors influencing corporate dividend payout decisions of financial and non-financial firms.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,4(1), pp.35-46. Malkiel, B.G., 2015.Term structure of interest rates: expectations and behavior patterns. Princeton University Press. Obradovich, J. and Gill, A., 2013. Coporate Governance, Institutional Ownership, and the Decision to Pay the Amount of Dividends: Evidence from USA. Pasqual, J., Padilla, E. and Jadotte, E., 2013. Technical note: equivalence of different profitability criteria with the net present value.International Journal of Production Economics,142(1), pp.205-210. Rafique, M., 2012. Factors affecting dividend payout: Evidence from listed non-financial firms of Karachi stock exchange.Business Management Dynamics,1(11), pp.76-92.